History Of English Language Essays - Germanic Languages,

History Of English Language History of English Language As I stated previously in my Abstract, the title of my research paper is History of the English language. In this paper I will discuss where and how the English language originated and how it has spread to become one of the most spoken languages in the world. Before I started my research on my topic of choice, my original hypothesis was that the English language was started by a whole assortment of Germanic tribes invading England thousands of years ago. This ultimately became the goal of my paper, to see if Germanic tribes started the English language, or if it was started from some other tribes that I was not aware of. The history of the English language is of significance because English is spoken more frequently than any other language except Chinese, (Bright, 1992). A Germanic language, English is spoken by an estimated 1,500,000,000 people, and that number is ever increasing, (Crystal, 1992). English is the chief language of world publishing, science and technology, conferencing, and computer storage as well as the language of international air traffic control (Crystal, 1992). English is also used for purposes of international communications, and international politics, business communications, and academic communities (Crystal, 1992). The history of English can be traced to the colonization of people from a family of languages, which spread throughout Europe and southern Asia in the fourth millennium BC, (Crystal, 1992). It is thought that a semi nomadic population living in the region to north of the Black Sea moved west to Europe and east to Iran and India, spreading their culture and languages (Crystal, 1992). The European languages and Sanskrit, the oldest language of the Indian sub-continent, were tied to a common source. When a systematic resemblance was discovered in both roots and verbs and in grammar forms, by comparing similar features of the European languages and Sanskrit, a common source language were reconstructed named Proto-Indo-European (Crystal, 1997). The Proto-Indo-European language was more complex than English today. It is possible to reconstruct three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and up to eight cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental). Adjectives agreed in case, number, and gender with the noun. The verb system was also rich in inflections, used for aspect, mood, tense, voice, person, and number. Different grammatical forms of a word were often related by the feature of ablaut, or vowel graduation: the root vowel would change systematically to express such differences as singular and plural or past and present tense, as is still the case in English foot/feet or take/took (Crystal, 1997). The Proto-Indo-European language is thought to have been spoken before 3,000 BC, and to have split up into different languages during the following millennium (Crystal, 1997). The languages families include Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Indo-Iranian, Tocharian, Armenian, Anatolian, Albanian, Greek, Balto-Slavic, and Slavic languages. Yiddish, German, Afrikaans, Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, and English make up the West Germanic subgroup of the Germanic Branch (Crystal, 1997). Scholars renamed the language group the Indo-European family after 3,000 BC (Crystal, 1997). Theorists suggest that the horse was a major element of the Proto-Indo-European and the Indo-European family of languages. They speculate that warriors who conquered from horse-drawn chariots spread the culture. The Proto-Indo-European, the Indo-European, and specifically the Germanic language, of which English is a derivative, influenced the early history of the English Language. The early history of the English language began in Britain and with several groups of people. At first people migrated to the placed now called England. Several invading groups joined the original settlers of England, bringing with them their language and culture. English became a mixture of languages that adapted to the circumstances and the needs of the people. England eventually commanded an empire, thus, spreading the language around the world. When the empire diminished the Americas continued to spread the English language because of their political power and wealth. The Celts were the first Indo-European people to spread across Europe, (Crystal, 1997). They emerged from south central Europe and spread throughout most of Europe, reaching the Black Sea and Asia Minor. They migrated to southwest Spain, central Italy, and throughout Britain in a series of wave-like migrations. The first group of Celts went

The Social Brain essays

The Social Brain essays The ability of humans to learn and retain knowledge is an incredible power source and also a dominant characteristic of the human species. The intricate abilities of the mind allow for humans to learn skills and to have the power to control and dominate the world they live in by means of learned behavior. The two cerebral hemispheres of the left and right specialize in motor and sensory skills which specialize the socialy established beliefs and behaviors unique to humans. In writing The Social Brain Michael Gazzaniga proclaims an understanding of the principle of both the right and left brain hemispheres by examining split brain patients. Gazzaniga believes in cognitive dissidence and studies the modularity of the brain structure. The modularity is the independent functional traits that contribute to the skills and tools of language and writing. The contribution of individual modules is evident in the perception of a human belief system and the evolution of the sophisticated civil ized life of a human being. The two cerebral sides of the brain operate with their own selective areas of domination, but depend on eachother for reference, information, and influence which yields continuation of human evolution of increasing brain activities. Michael Gazzaniga writes chronologically as he studies the aspects of a split brain and the distinct behavior that humans have developed unique cognitive styles and the brain modules allow them for infer and differentiate . Gazzaniga believes that the free will of humans allows the species to choose and control their environment. The progress of his studies of the split brain, is by isolating the separate hemispheres to see if one influences the other. The interests of his studies of the effect of the sensory abilities of both the right and left hemisphere takes him around the world. The course of the book covers the studies of a lifetime from an inquiring student about the possibilit...

The Vice Chancellor Larking University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

The Vice Chancellor Larking University - Essay Example Majority of the PCs in the college use Microsoft Operating System although some of the computers are still running on Office 97. The college has achieved a milestone in networking all the computers although not all PCs have been networked there is increasing trend of networking them. With a population of about 3000 students, the University has been thinking of providing the laptop to the student the expense of which will be reduced from their fees. There has been increased pressure to make sure that the students accept the offer of the laptops because whether they accept them or not, they will still be charged in the school fees. This has been in line with the introduction of my Course system on the university website which is used by lecturers to post notes and exercises. There has also been declining number of student who is attending lecturer since they can download everything from the internet. How can the college achieve a competitive edge through the harmonization of the usage of the internet? The aim of the university in introducing the use of computers has been to ensure that there is an efficient delivery of services. Therefore it has come upon with a strategy of ensuring the all the administrative staff and the lectures use the same minimum IT/IS platform which is Intel PCs with 1GB memory and running XP and Office 2003. The University also aims at connecting all of them to the internet and Outlook email service. In the evaluation, this is one of the most important strategies that the university can use in order to achieve maximum use of computer technology in the university. If the university chose to sell the existing PCs and buying new ones, then the first step would be to find a way of storing the data based on the computers and then selling all of them. Then they would come up with a procurement procedure.

Regulation of Interest Groups by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Essay

Regulation of Interest Groups by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act - Essay Example The Bipartisan Campaigns Reform Act came along with two unique features that were not covered in the earlier federal act. One requirement of the BCRA was that the amount of soft-money contributions by interest groups be limited during the campaign period. This was effected by instituting federal limits to bar spending or raising of finances that are beyond the preset values. Secondly, this new law defined â€Å"electioneering communications† that required that no corporation would be allowed to fund the advertisements that had to be done 30 days before the primary elections or 60 days before a general election (Campaign Finance Institute, 2006). In addition, the candidates had to declare their names within the advertisement and confirm to have authorized the airing of such an advertisement. The impact of the new law was to minimize the influence that interest groups had maintained in the campaign by either funding the process or contributing to advertisements. Surprisingly, the provisions of these laws have faced a lot of antagonism from numerous federal candidates that have raised concerns regarding the restriction of utilization of financial resources during the campaign period. One issue that has seen many political parties and organization move to court is the pre-BCRA constitutional provision on the ‘527 organizations’ that were not covered adequately in the regulation of soft money spending. The law required that the 527 organizations such as Media Fund and Swift Board Veterans for Truth spend at least 50% of hard money in their campaign expenses while participating in federal campaigns. In 2007, the Federal Election Commission was forced to impose fines on these organizations after they had failed to abide to the financing laws governing the election process. In addition, in 2007, the US Supreme Court overturned the BCRA condition that limited the interest groups from contributing to the financing of media adverts on t he ground that this restriction was unconstitutional. As Boatright (2006) points out, BCRA has received abundant criticism and the public demand is that this law be changed to include more realistic regulation of interest group contributions to the campaign process. From above experience, it's worthy to note that the BCRA has numerous weaknesses that warrant its revision to achieve an effective regulation of interest groups. The United States President, Barack Obama, in 2010 announced the need for US to pass a bill that would restrict financial spending in the campaign period, and particularly the contribution of the specific interest groups. His argument was that the BCRA law is subject to alteration by the Supreme Court as long as this law does not state implicitly the specific amounts that federal candidates would

Unions and labor relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unions and labor relations - Research Paper Example New business concepts such as outsourcing and offshoring helped organizations to operate in a multicultural environment. In other words, employers started to deal with a much more diverse workforce because of globalization. The strategies needed to manage a diverse workforce are entirely different form the strategies needed to manage a workforce of single culture. Different employees may have different needs, especially when they operating in a multicultural environment. For example, Muslim employees always like to have a break for prayer during the mid-noon of every Friday. Same way Christian employees always like to have off on every Sundays. If the employers prevent them from taking such luxuries, they will develop dissatisfaction and their loyalty towards the management may come down. The needs of the employees are changing rapidly because of the advancements in living standards and the new challenges coming in front of them as the time goes on. For example, living expenses are g rowing day by day and it is difficult for an employee to find his livelihood if the employer is not ready to increase his salary. Same way, workloads are increasing day by day and as a result of that employees are not getting enough time for leisure activities. Work-life balancing is an important aspect of labor relations. If the employees struggle to find enough time to spend with their relatives and friends, their mental health could be damaged. Even if the employees get higher salaries for their extra work loads, they may not be satisfied if they fail to get time to spend with their beloved ones. Physical needs as well as psychological needs of the employees are important in maintaining better labor relations by the employers. â€Å"American labor unions, taken... Unions and labor relations Trade unions are organizations to protect the interests of the working class. In other words trade unions always work for the betterment of the whole employees rather than the betterment of any individual employees. However, in some particular situations trade unions may work for the individual interests also. For example, if an employee was fired unnecessarily by the employer, trade unions may come for the rescue of that employee. â€Å"The labor relation process includes recognition of the legitimate right and responsibilities of union and management†. Better Employee-employer relations or labor relations is important for the smooth functioning of an organization In a troubled organization, employees may not deliver their bests and as a result of that the productivity and the efficiency of the organization may come down. This paper analyses the effect of changes in employee relations strategies, policies, and practices on organizational performance and the relevance of trade unions in America at present. Trade unions are organizations which argue for the rights of the workers and better labor relations from the employers. Current workplaces consist of extremely diverse workforce and the needs of the diverse employees could be different. Employers should help employees to meet their physical as well as mental needs in order to maintain better labor relations. Trade unions are losing grounds in America at present because of the better treatment American employees receive from their employers.

Comparison Of Mivan Formwork System With Conventional System Construction Essay

Comparison Of Mivan Formwork System With Conventional System Construction Essay In recent times due to globalization, the construction industry has started focusing on new innovative ways of working. The construction industry has started adopting new technologies and approaches in order to increase the overall efficiency of the project. This report is about the modern methods of construction and smart materials that can be used to improve the overall construction process. The first half of the report is on the aluminium formwork systems (Mivan System) which is used for mass housing construction. This system of aluminium forms is fast, durable, cost effective and also produces quality work which requires minimum maintenance. The second half of the report is on green roofs a smart material which is a replacement for traditional roofs. Today in this modernized world where global warming is the major concern for all countries, green roofs can be one of the innovative ways to reduce the energy consumption which ultimately helps in reducing the CO2 emissions. 1. Introduction The construction industry is one of the biggest industries in the whole world. The contribution of this industry towards the global GDP is enormous. In recent years due to globalization and advancement in technologies there has been a tremendous development in the construction industry. However despite of the boom in construction activities the scenario on the housing front remains far from satisfactory. In the countries like India and China the situation on the housing front is even worst. Due to ever increasing population in these countries there is an overgrowing demand for housing. Now keeping in view the gigantic task of providing affordable shelter to masses, adoption of modern and cost effective technology assumes greater significance. The modern methods of construction are broad range of processes and products that aims to improve business efficiency, quality, customer satisfaction, environmental performance, sustainability and the predictability of delivery timescales (Baker 33 Cross industry Group, 2006). Today there is a growing realization that the speed of construction needs to be given greater importance especially for large housing projects. For undertaking mass housing works, it is necessary to have innovative technologies which are capable of fast rate construction and are able to deliver good quality and durable structure in cost effective manner (Anon, 2010). Several systems are adopted all over the world but Mivan system has proved to be reasonably economical and capable of fast rate construction of mass housing. In this system walls and slabs are cast simultaneously at site by use of specially designed, easy to handle light weight aluminium forms (Anon, 2010). The system is far more faster than the traditional beam and column construction. However as per Sir John Egan report Rethinking Construction (1998), the commitment from major clients, from the construction industry itself and from the government is the only way forward to create and sustain the environment that is needed for significant improvement in performance, efficiency and quality of the construction. The construction projects are getting more complex in nature due to growing human endeavour and the construction industry need to respond to the unique challenges presented in front in terms of time cost and quality. Also the industry will need to respond to the major issues such as global warming and health and safety of the workers. We as a member of the construction industry will need to overcome these issues by using modern methods of construction (like Mivan System) and smart materials (like green roofs) for carrying out projects. The main objective of this report is to explore modern methods of construction and smart materials and also to evaluate their impact on the construction process in terms of time, cost and quality. In the first half of the report, the use of Mivan formwork system during the construction process is discussed while in the second half idea of using green roofs is discussed. 2. Mivan formwork System: (Aluminium formwork system) Mivan is basically an aluminium formwork system developed by the Mivan Company Ltd from Malaysia in the year 1990. The technology has been used extensively in other countries such as Europe, Gulf Countries, Asia and all other parts of the world. MIVAN technology is suitable for constructing large number of houses within short time using room size forms. In this system of formwork construction, cast in situ concrete wall and floor slabs are casted monolithically in one continuous pour. Large room sized forms for walls and floors slabs are erected at site as shown in the figure1 below. These forms are strong, easy to handle and are fabricated with accuracy. They can be used repetitively around 250 times. The frames for windows and door as well as ducts for services are placed in the form before concreting as shown in the figure 1. Staircase flights, faà §ade panels, chajjas and jails etc. and other pre-fabricated items are also integrated into the structure as shown in figure 1 and 2. This proves to be a major advantage as compared to other modern construction techniques. Figure 1: A set of Mivan formwork Figure 2: Staircase flight formwork 2.1 Comparison of Mivan formwork system with Conventional Construction The table below shows the relative comparison between the Mivan form work system and the conventional system. The comparison is made on the factors such as speed of construction, quality of construction, aesthetics, external finishes and maintenance. Factors Conventional Construction Mivan formwork system Speed of construction The speed of construction is much slower due to step by step completion of different stages of the activities such as erection of formwork, concreting and deshuttering and thereafter plastering and other finishing activities. In this system the wall and the floors are casted simultaneously in one continuous operation and also the finishing work can be started immediately, so the speed of the construction is much faster. Quality Due to conventional method of construction normal quality is obtained Superior quality is obtained due to in-situ casting of whole structure and transverse walls done in continuous operation Aesthetics In the case of conventional construction the partition walls are made up of bricks due to which the column and the beam show unsightly projections in room interiors. In case of Mivan system the partition wall and the ceiling elements are casted together due to which the interiors have neat and clean lines without unsightly projections in various corners. The wall and the ceilings also have a smooth even surface. External finishes All the external walls are made up of bricks, so it requires manual cement plastering which needs to be repainted frequently. All the external walls are made up of concrete and do not require manual cement plastering and also have smooth finishing, so this will need no frequent repainting. Maintenance The maintenance cost is too high as it requires frequent repairs of plasters of wall and ceilings, painting of outer and inner walls due to leakages. The maintenance cost is negligible as the walls and ceiling are made up of high quality concrete which do not require frequent repairs. Table 1: Comparison of Mivan Formwork System with Conventional construction 2.2 Benefits of Mivan formwork System According to Mivan (Thailand) Limited the following are the main benefits of using Mivan formwork system. 2.2.1 Speed of construction: The structure is completed much faster than the traditional formwork as a large amount of work can be completed in each daily work routine. There is no need for brick laying and plastering as all walls can be formed at the same time. Finishing work such as window fixing, wall tiling and plumbing work can be installed immediately once the concrete is casted. 2.2.2 Building strength and durability: The walls and the floor slabs are casted simultaneously so there are no weak joints. The walls are made of reinforced concrete which provides much greater stability than columns with brick walls. The wall surfaces are made of concrete which do not crack like plaster and maintains a smooth surface for much longer time. 2.2.3 Quality of finishing building: The formworks are manufactured precisely which allows the concrete to be cast to exact dimensions as designed. Services like water supply some waste pipes and electrical conduits, can be cast into the concrete where it is protected and not visible. 2.2.4 Financing cost: Fast project completion saves financing charges as the buildings can be transferred to the owners much earlier than traditional methods. 2.2.5 Efficiency and cost saving: There is no requirement of labours for building brick walls and plastering as major part of the structure is cast in concrete by small group of workers. The project can be completed in shorter time due to fast production methods which save onsite running, operating and financing cost. The formwork panels are light in weight and can be lifted manually, so there is no need of spending money for heavy cranes for lifting. Less skilled labours are required on the site as all the finishing items are prefabricated. 2.2.6 Environmental benefits: The formworks are made up of aluminium which can be reused and also can be recycled to make other products. 2.3 Case study The following is a case study which justify that incorporating Mivan formwork system in the construction project is very beneficial to the project. 2.3.1 Infinity tower- Dubai As per MFE formwork technology (2008), the Infinity Tower in Dubai is a 73 storey residential tower with a dynamic twisting shape as shown in the figure 3 below. The tower is more than 300 meter in height and has been designed by Skidmore Owings Merrill who also designed the worlds tallest tower, Burj Khalifa which is 828 meters in height. The contract was awarded to Arabtec Construction. The structural system for the tower is high strength with a reinforced concrete column superstructure that rotates with the twisting shape. In addition, each floor will accommodate a 1.08-degree twist to achieve the full 90-degree spiral. Figure 3: Infinity Tower (Source: MFE formwork technology) The tower was constructed by using a light weight aluminium formwork system. A special twisting aluminium panels were made to obtain the precise design. The tower was constructed at a speed of 8 floors per month when the site was in full flow, maintaining zero tolerance with regard to site safety. Now by referring to this case study, it is clear that the use of Mivan formwork system not only improves the quality and speed of construction but also maintains site safety. 2.4 Limitations of Mivan formwork System The following are the limitations of using Mivan formwork System Modifications are not possible as all members are cast in RCC. Concealed services become difficult due to small thickness of the components. The aluminium formworks are far more expensive than the conventional formwork. Heat of hydration is high due to shear walls. The finishing lines can be seen on concrete surfaces due to small sizes. It requires uniform planning as well as uniform elevations to be cost effective. The shrinkage cracks are likely to appear due to box type construction. The formwork can be cost effective only if it is used in symmetrical type of structure. 3. Green Roofs Green roof refers to a system of roofing that uses plant life for roof covering instead of traditional covering materials (Green Roofs Today, 2010). Department of Trade and Industry (2004) defines the smart material as a material that senses its environment and responds. Green roofs provides constant temperature throughout the year due to high degree of insulation they provide, hence they can be termed as smart materials. Green roofing has become increasingly popular in the cities as it creates additional green spaces that bring some nature in concrete and steel jungle (Green Roofs Today, 2010). Green roofs are visually appealing and create an attractive contrast to concrete and steel as show in the figure 4-5 below. Figure-4 (Green Roofs) Figure-5 (Green Roofs) There are several components of green roofs which besides plants include a growing medium, a filter cloth, drainage, insulation and a waterproof membrane (Green Roofs Today, 2010). These components are shown in the figure 6. The construction of rooftops and the selection of plants for roof covering depend on the factors such as size of the building and type of roof. Now for construction of green roof both flat and slopped roofs are suitable but for construction of large park like roof system only larger buildings are appropriate as accommodation of large plants and trees are too heavy for medium sized buildings. Figure 6: Components of Green Roofs (Source: Green Roofs Today, 2010) Green roofs are mainly of three types; Intensive, Semi-Intensive and Extensive roofs, depending upon the selection of plants (Green Roofs Today, 2010). Intensive green roofs are those that accommodate large plants, trees, full lawns etc. This type of green roofing requires a significant depth of soil and also requires heavy maintenance. Semi Intensive green roofs are those that accommodate moderate size of plants and require less maintenance. Extensive green roofs is the most convenient of all types of green roof systems and involves roof covering with a thin layer of growing medium and vegetation that requires minimal care and maintenance (Green Roofs Today, 2010). The factors which are taken into consideration while designing green roofs are orientation of roofs, preferred planting, level of maintenance and performance expected from the plant layer (Green roofs, 2006). As the intensive roofs consist of deep layer of growing medium, it needs special consideration at the time of designing as they require specific support from the building. Conversely, extensive green roofs require negligible structural support from the building, hence no special consideration is given at the time of designing them (The green roof centre, 2010). 3.1 Benefits of Green Roofs System The following are the benefits of Green Roof systems; Plants reduce the air pollution by absorbing harmful gases including carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Green roof system therefore reduces the air pollution and makes the air cleaner and healthier especially in urban areas where quality of air is a major problem. Plants tend to absorb the heat from the air and release it into the air when the temperature drops. Green roof system therefore helps in lowering the temperature of the urban areas. It also helps the building owners to reduce their cost for heating for heating and cooling which is good for the environment too because most cooling and heating systems are powered by energy that is obtained from non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels. Plants that cover the roofs can absorb up to 75% of the rain water. Therefore the green roofs system significantly reduces the amount of water that runs in to the sewage system. The plants also filter many pollutants in rainwater including heavy metals. The rainwater that is absorbed by the green roofs is then released into the air via condensation (Green Roofs Today, 2010). Green roofs system offer a natural habitat to many local animal life including insects and birds that were virtually driven out from urban centres. Green roofs systems are extremely durable and can last up to 50 years. It also does not virtually require any repair like many other roofing systems. Green roofs combined with other green technology such as solar thermal collectors and solar photovoltaic panels can further reduce the costs for heating and cooling as well as help combat the global warming (Green Roofs Today, 2010). The figure below from the (Green Roofs Today, 2010) shows the main benefits of green roofs system. 3.2 Limitation of Green Roofs System The following are some of the limitations in installing the green roofs system; Higher capital cost Lack of awareness and knowledge No insurance cover is provided for green roofs Difficulty in maintaining and accessing roofs. 4. Recommendation Due to globalization and competition there is a tremendous pressure on the construction industry regarding the time, quality and cost of the work. With the implementation of the modern construction methods such as Mivan Formwork System and smart materials like Green Roofs the issues related to the time, cost and quality can be overcome. Although the initial cost of implementing such methods and smart materials are quite high the total amount saved at the end of the project life cycle is substantially more than the increase in the initial cost. The construction firms all over the world have been slow to adopt new innovation and changes. It is the need of time to analyse the depth of problems and find effective solution. Mivan system serves as an efficient tool to solve the problems of mass housing fronts all over the world. The system has a great potential to provide high quality construction at unbelievable speed and at reasonable cost which was justified in the report with the help of a case study. Hence it is recommended to use Mivan formwork system over the traditional formwork system Amid fears of global warming, deforestation, melting of ice on both the poles, increase in average temperature in next few decades, green roofs can be looked up to as a potential solution which can help in optimising use of rain water, conserving energy, improving aesthetical view of buildings and improving living conditions inside the building. Hence implementation of green roof is recommended as it will save large amount of resources. 5. Conclusion It can be concluded that the modern methods of construction such as Mivan formwork system are the key to meeting the demand for efficient, sustainable housing. Also the quality and speed must be given due consideration with regards to economy. Mivan formwork system not only helps in improving the quality and efficiency of the work but also has helped in maintaining the site safety. Anything that is good for the environment is good for humankind as well, so the investment in the green roofs is considered to be the best way in reducing the negative impact of humans on the environment. Green roofs not only reduce the adverse impact on the environment but also help the people in reducing their bill for heating and cooling.

The Illuminati Essay -- Government, Masons

In a system that claims to be democratic, a question of its legitimacy remains. Does the American public really have the power that the government says that we do? Conspiracies concerning the government have always been the center of many discussions and arguments. Cases like the Kennedy assassination, to even Elvis stories have gained a lot of attention. One conspiracy that has missed the public eye is the existence of the Illuminati. The word Illuminati derives from the Latin word Illumine, which means, â€Å"To be enlightened.† (The history of the Illuminati. Myron Fagon Epic Tree Video, 1964). They feel that they are superior and possess a higher level of intellect. Their goal is create a one-world government, which is known as the â€Å"New World Order.† (Still, Willam T. New World Order: The ancient Plan of Secret Societies. Fresno, California: Expression Publishing P. 23) Their means by achieving this exists through the media and the money system. In the followi ng paragraphs I will prove the existence of the Illuminati, the part that our government in conjunction with the world governments play in the â€Å"plan;† and how the Masons tie into this conspiracy. (The history of the Illuminati. Myron Fagon Epic Tree Video, 1964) The Illuminati has existed since ancient times. The ancient Africans were part of this elite group. Through times and generations, the Illuminati has re-incarnated itself. (Debarros, Jason. Personal Interview. 4 Apr. 2000.) This reincarnation took place in 1776 by German Adam Weinsap. Adam Weishaupt was a professor of canon law at the University of Ingolstadt. He started the Order of the Illuminati on May 1, 1776, originally calling it the Order of â€Å"Perfectibilists.† His plan was to use the Grand Orient Lodges of Europe as a filtering mechanism through which to screen out talent and build a hierarchy of inner circles. (The history of the Illuminati. Myron Fagon Epic Tree Video, 1964) The word Illuminati was viewed as an â€Å"evil† term and was never used during the 1800’s. (The history of the Illuminati. Myron Fagon Epic Tree Video, 1964) As time went on, power was gained. What many do not know is that the Illuminati was behind this killing of the Rominovs, the Czar of Russia along with his family. (Carr, William Guy. Pawns in the game San Fransisco: Imation Publishing 1977) This occurred because the Czar learned of the Illuminati’s plan. What m... ...i? Why did the Masons give us this statue? Why is the Money system set up in the same way across the world? Why is our Nation’s capitol embedded with Masonic and Satanic symbols? And furthermore, why did the US senate not ratify the Treaty of Varona once it was brought to their attention? These are questions that everybody needs to examine. The US government has always been covering their tracks and many pieces to our historical puzzle have not fit. Now they do, and as the picture comes into focus, the American public needs to take a deep look at how society and politics work, and look beneath the surface. Works Cited: Morey,Robert. The Truth About the Masons. Oregon: Harvest House Publishers, 1993 Austin, S; â€Å"The End†: Priority Records 1998 Carr, William Guy. Pawns in the game San Fransisco: Imation Publishing 1977 Cooper, William. Behold a Pale Horse. Arizona: Light Technology, 1991. The History of the Illuminati. Myron Fagon: Epic Tree Video,1964 Daubert, Joyce. Personal Interview. Oct. 1999 Still, Willam T. New World Order: The ancient Plan of Secret Societies. Fresno, California: Expression Publishing Debarros, Jason. Personal Interview. 4 Apr. 2000